Harvard
Citation Style
In doing researches, you often
want to give citations and references of secondary data or
information. It could include references from different books,
journal articles, conference papers, website etc. Basically you
want to refer to other work that is somehow related to your own.
Now the problem arises if you fail to refer to the context and
do not acknowledge your resources. This can be used to charge
you for plagiarism and therefore, heavy compensation.
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There are a number of ways of referencing secondary work, but
they all share a few common features. Firstly, a citation is
inserted at the appropriate point in your text, which indicates
the use of secondary work. Secondly, a full reference is then
given at the end of the page or the respective chapter for the
citation, which allows the reader to trace the corresponding
work.
There are several referencing and citation styles for each
discipline. Harvard Citation Style, also known as the
author-date system originated at Harvard University. Although
its scientists no longer produce guidelines and manuals for
referencing, a version of the author-date system is still
considered as the Harvard referencing. Other author-date
referencing styles include Chicago (Turabian),
APA and
MLA citation style. Some of the citation styles are given as
follows:
General
• ISO 690-2: Information and documentation -- Bibliographic
references http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/standard/690-2e.htm
• ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2003: National Information Standards
Organization (US). Bibliographic references. Betheda (MD): NISO
Press; 2003.
• Chicago: The Chicago Manual of Style. 14th edition. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1993 & Turabian, Kate L. A Manual
for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th
edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996
• The Columbia Guide to Online Style by Janice R. Walker and
Todd Taylor (Columbia UP, 1998) presents a guide to locating,
translating, and using the elements of citation for both a
humanities style (i.e., MLA and Chicago) and a scientific style
(APA and CBE) for electronically-accessed sources
• United States Government Printing Office style manual.
Washington: The Office; 2000.
There are several other referencing and citation systems, but
the Harvard Referencing System is most widely and is an agreed
standard. The Harvard Referencing System is a collection of
rules and conventions that help you to cite references and
acknowledge resources clearly, consistently and unambiguously.
Citations are in parentheses in the main text and include author
name and publication year. References are listed at the end of
the report and are sorted by author name, then publication date.
Here are some Harvard referencing examples to ease your
perception:
Reference a Book:
- Author's surname followed by a comma.
- Author's initials in capitals, with full-stop after each - and
a final comma.
- Year of publication followed by full-stop.
- Full title of book in italics with capitalization of first
word and proper
- nouns only - followed by full-stop unless there is a sub-title
- follow by full- stop.
- Edition number followed by the abbreviation "ed." - followed
by full-stop.
- Place of publication: Town or city, follow by colon.
- Publisher - company name followed by full-stop.
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